How Does A Landing Occur If The Runway Is Wet?

The feeling of flying and being above the ground excites many enough, and most people want their plane journey to go smoothly. At some times, flights may be affected by adverse weather conditions. Do adverse weather conditions affect landings? How do pilots land when the runways are wet? How does this affect passengers? Pilots receive detailed information about airports and runways before landing in the squares where they will arrive. For example, they get information such as runway length, weather conditions, wind speed and direction, visibility distance, characteristics of the runway to be landed, whether the runway is wet or snowy, runway width. Pilots who receive detailed information perform calculations to perform a landing that can be very hard for passengers. These conditions are important for pilots to be able to see the distance to stop the aircraft after putting the wheels of the aircraft on the ground and how far it remains to the end of the runway.

Why Is Hard Landing Taking Place?

There are certain lengths of runways where aircraft must land and they must land in that area. In bad weather, planes need longer runways to land. Since this is unlikely, the aircraft must land on the runway at a harder level than usual. Pilots consciously put hard wheels on the runway. Because they want the wheels to sit exactly on the track, hitting the ground, and the braking systems to be activated as soon as possible. In wet weather, a water bed is formed between the plane that puts wheels on the runway and the concrete decking of the runway. This condition is quite dangerous and is called hydroplaning.

How Are Passengers Affected?

Passengers don’t like hard landings. Most passengers are able to harshly criticize the pilot. But it should be noted that hard landings performed in adverse weather conditions are performed to land as safely as possible and brake on the track.

Can Every Person Who Goes To The Airport Shop At The Duty-Free Store?

Hundreds of people travel abroad every day. Regardless of their purpose, passengers want to buy local products or affordable products of that country from where they go. The airports have different shopping points that serve both incoming and outgoing passengers. These areas are called Duty-Free. These stores, which are preferred and satisfied by passengers, are becoming very popular every day.

How Is Shopping Done?

Passengers do not pay any taxes when they shop in these areas. Therefore, the interest is quite intense. To shop, people must show their passports. Products that can be purchased from these stores are determined by limits within the law, and in this case, each product that can be purchased is processed in the passports of people.

Where Are Stores Located?

It is located in international terminals of airports. After entering the terminal, the location of the stores can be determined by following the Duty-Free signs, getting help from the airport map, or the airport’s mobile app.

What Are The Shopping Rules?

People who want to shop in these stores should buy products at a level that does not exceed the limits of their country or the countries in which they enter a different country. People should not exceed the limits for purchases such as cosmetics, souvenirs, food and textiles, alcoholic beverages, and tobacco products. Otherwise, people are required to deliver the products they receive to the airport officials.

What Are The Advantages Of Duty-Free?

  • Products are sold at a more affordable price than normal times.
  • There are many products in a single area, thus saving time.
  • If shopping is done after the flight, the baggage restriction is eliminated.
  • Some stores sell products specific to their country.
  • Long-sought products can be conveniently found at airports in different countries.

How Many Hours Can The Black Box Keep Records?

The aviation industry is developing itself every day. At the heart of these developments lies the accidents of the past. By drawing lessons from accidents in the past years, systems have been developed and come to today. The Black Box plays a major role in understanding the events that lead to plane crashes. After the plane crashes, black boxes come to the agenda. It contains important information about what caused the accident or what mistakes were made.

Features Of The Black Box

A black box is a device consisting of 2 parts that record all kinds of information during a flight, the size of a shoebox and weighs 5 kg. The first of the 2 parts that make up the black box includes the Flight Data Recorder (FDR), the flight recording data device, the position, altitude, speed of the aircraft in the last 25 hours, and data in 88 different areas, such as these. The second part of the Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR) contains the last 2 hours of voice recordings in the cockpit. The black boxes are not black as mentioned in the name, but rather a bright orange. The reason for this is that they are designed with the worst conditions in mind and must be striking and bright in order to be easily noticed in the wreckage of the aircraft. Black boxes undergo special tests against impact effect. It is designed to last 1 hour in 1100 degree of heat and 30 days in saltwater. There is a 2-3 cm thick insulation system, the outer surface of which is resistant to heat in a titanium or steel coated box, and under it there is an aluminium coating. Since all information is stored on memory chips, these boxes are well insulated.

Where Is The Black Box Found?

They are usually placed in the tail part of the aircraft in order to minimize the impact of the aircraft. After aircraft accidents, after reaching the black box, the data is analysed with special systems and the cause of the accident is revealed.

How Long Can Black Boxes Keep Records?

The signal system found in black boxes is activated in accidents such as sea or lake, in contact with water. It continues to signal up to a depth of 6000 meters and for 90 days to locate the box.

 

 

How Do Planes Find Their Direction When Flying In The Ocean?

Aircraft are equipped with many systems from the past to the present. Although these systems facilitate the work of pilots during the flight, they also guide them. It is the VOR (VHF Omni-Directional Radio Range) system, which is the most widely used in these systems and one of the most important navigation systems.

What Is The VOR (VHF Omni-Directional Radio Range) System?

This system is a radio navigation aid widely used in instrument flight. It consists of the ground station and aircraft receivers. According to the ground station, it shows which magnetic Radian the aircraft is located on. It is a navigation aid that is widely used in times such as positioning and instrument landing.

How Does The System Work?

The VOR system operates in the frequency range of 108.00-117.95 MHz of the VHF band, with Channel steps of 50 kHz. The VOR system operates on the line-of-sight (LOS) principle due to the VHF band’s characteristic. There should be no barriers between the VOR station and the platform in the air and they should be able to see each other directly. Information cannot be obtained from certain areas located above VOR stations. These areas are called the cone of silence. At this time, direction-finding devices give a warning TO FROM. This Warning means that accurate and accurate information is not received from the ground. It also contains information that reliable information cannot be obtained. This happens on a short-term basis. It is important that pilots are very careful in this situation and take the necessary precautions. At stations, when reliable and accurate information begins to be received, the direction devices are alerted with the phrase TO. After this stage, signals can be followed to find a direction smoothly. Thanks to this system, aircraft carry out their flights safely.

 

 

What’s The Job Of The Co-Pilot Sitting Next To The Captain?

Currently, many people prefer to travel by plane, as it is both safer and faster than other transport routes. One of the reasons why aircraft are a safe way of Transportation is the systems developed by drawing lessons from events from the past to the present. Pilots who perform their flights in charge of these systems are considered the architects of a safe journey. During a flight, there are 2 pilots in the cockpit, including the captain and Assistant. An increase in the number of pilots in the cockpit can be observed on flights with long flight hours.

What Do Pilots Do In The Cockpit?

Pilots use various systems in the cockpit during flight. These systems are designed for safe flight performance. By performing calculations that are specific, they perform cockpit and Tower conversations. They also provide control of cabin crews. There are mission instructions called check-lists that show what pilots should do before the flight, during flight, and in the steps after landing. In both pilots, he applies the items on the checklists step by step and sequentially. Pilots have the authority to alert and intervene when necessary to ensure that they are doing each other’s duty correctly and fully.

What Are The Duties Of Co-Pilots?

The most obvious distinction between captain and co-Pilot is the administrative and decision-making situation during the operation. The co-Pilot performs the commands of the Captain Pilot. The communication of pilots in the cockpit with each other is an important factor for flight safety. Another important part during the flight is the distribution of duties between the captain and the co-Pilot. They perform flight duties as both aide and controller of each other and fly, taking over flight controls in turn in accordance with company procedures. Before the flight, the two pilots decide between them where to go that day, which pilot will use the plane. The pilot operating the aircraft (captain Pilot) controls the throttle levers and autopilot, while the pilot not using it (Co-Pilot) assists the flying pilot in matters such as radio communication, controlling the aircraft’s system indicators, fuel calculations and course control. On the return from the destination, there is the opposite distribution of tasks. This also applies to other flights and pilots. Co-pilots take full control of the aircraft in the unlikely event that the captain cannot use the aircraft, and follow the steps necessary for a safe landing, giving the flight crew the necessary instructions.

Features To Be Found In Co-pilot

  • Ability to think quickly and take action under stress or in a difficult situation,
  • Suitable for teamwork and good communication skills,
  • Develop spatial awareness and coordination skills,
  • Have a leading spirit that can give directives to the team or passengers, when necessary,
  • Features such as being disciplined and self-confident are sought.

 

 

 

 

Is There A Pilot’s Flight Time Limit?

The aviation sector, which is shaped according to the needs of airlines, is developing more and more every day in line with the needs. The main needs are such as the increase in demand for air travel, the desire to always find tickets, and the desire to reach the destination as soon as possible. To meet these needs, airlines expand their existing fleets and increase the employment of pilots and flight attendants.

Increases in the number of expeditions can also be observed depending on the density that occurs. This increase will lead to increased working hours for cockpit and cabin crews.

So How Many Hours Do Pilots Fly?

Aviation enterprises take control of the flight, duty, and rest periods of pilots on duty. The reason is intended to prevent developments that may arise from physical and mental fatigue, which will greatly negatively affect flight safety. For this reason, restrictions have been imposed on the flight hours of pilots.

As of 2019, DGCA has reduced pilots’ monthly flight hours from 110 hours to 100 hours, and annual flight hours from 1000 hours to 900 hours.

Aviation For All Association has left its signature in aviation history with the distinction of being the FIRST and ONLY association founded and managed by students in 2015.

As of today, it has become The Largest Non-Governmental Organization in Aviation  with 3150+ members and 7 representations.

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